Caffeine and pregnancy: is it safe?

by Mary Calvagna

Many of us love it—some of us think we are addicted to it. The thought of facing the day without it, whether it be in a piping hot cup of coffee or an ice-cold glass of cola, makes us uneasy. What is this beloved substance? Caffeine. And according to the International Food Information Council, the average adult consumes about 200 milligrams (mg) a day.

While it may seem that caffeine is a great way to jump-start a slow-moving morning, studies have suggested that it is not without drawbacks? especially for women. Numerous studies have looked at caffeine and its potential health effects, with an emphasis on women and pregnancy. The effect of caffeine intake on miscarriage, birth defects, and low birth weight has been studied, but results have not been conclusive. Some studies show an increased risk of adverse outcomes, while other studies show no risk. Scientists continue to study caffeine, hoping to shed some light on the compound.

A recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine looked at the possibility of a connection between caffeine intake and the risk of miscarriage in early pregnancy. Researchers examined the caffeine intakes of 562 women who had spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) at 6 and 12 weeks gestation and 953 pregnant women who did not miscarry.

Researchers found that the women in the study who miscarried were more likely to have ingested 100 mg or more of caffeine per day than the women who did not miscarry. Interestingly though, the increased risk was seen only in non-smoking women. The study is not without limitations, however, and the researchers caution that their results be interpreted carefully. They do suggest that reducing caffeine intake during early pregnancy would be prudent.

Many people report withdrawal symptoms—headaches, irritability, and restlessness—when trying to give up caffeine. Medical professionals suggest gradually decreasing caffeine intake over a few days to avoid any discomfort associated with abruptly stopping. Here are some suggestions to help cut back on caffeine:

• Drink decaffeinated coffee. But remember, even decaf contains a small amount of caffeine.
• Drink instant coffee, which has only about half the caffeine of brewed coffee.
• Try flavored waters or juice instead of sodas, or drink caffeine-free soda.
• Steep a tea bag for one minute instead of four or five minutes.
• Switch to a pain reliever that does not contain caffeine.
• Substitute white chocolate, which has no caffeine, for milk and dark chocolate.