Chickenpox

Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection. It produces a widespread itchy rash.Chickenpox can cause serious complications when contracted by adults, newborns, or people with a suppressed immune system.

Causes

Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV). It spreads from person to person via:
  • Airborne droplets of moisture containing the VZV virus
  • Direct contact with fluid from a chickenpox rash
Chickenpox is contagious 1-2 days before the rash erupts. However, it is most contagious just after the rash has broken out. It remains contagious until all of the blisters have crusted.

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.
  • Close contact with an infected person (unless you've been vaccinated against or have already had chickenpox)
  • Age: less than 10 years old
  • Time of year (late winter, early spring)

Symptoms

Symptoms usually break out 10-21 days after contact.

Initial symptoms include:
  • Mild headache
  • Moderate fever
  • General feeling of malaise
Within 1-2 days after the initial symptoms, a rash develops. The rash consists of small, flat, red spots. The spots become raised and form a round, itchy, fluid-filled blister. The blisters develop in clusters, with new clusters forming over 5 to 6 days.

The rash usually develops on the skin above the waist, including the scalp. The rash may also appear on the eyelids, in the mouth, upper airway, voice box, or on the genitals. Most cluster rashes crust over by day 6 or 7 and disappear within 3 weeks, usually without scarring.

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. Diagnosis is usually made on the basis of age and the rash. Blood and laboratory tests to identify the VZV virus are rarely necessary.

Treatment

In most people, chickenpox is mild and will naturally run its course. In these cases, treatment focuses on relieving the symptoms.

To Reduce Itching
  • Wet compresses on the skin
  • Nonprescription anti-itch creams or lotions
  • Oatmeal baths
  • Oral antihistamines
Note: Aspirin is not recommended for children with a current or recent viral infection. Check with your doctor before giving a child aspirin.

Antibiotics

Since a virus causes chickenpox, antibiotics are not curative. They may be prescribed, however, if the rash becomes infected with bacteria.

Antiviral Medication

These may shorten the course and reduce the severity of infection. They are often used in:
  • Adolescents and adults with more severe cases
  • People with compromised immune systems
Special Needs

Varicella immune globulin is often given immediately after exposure to VZV to newborns and people with compromised immune systems.

Prevention

If you have not had Chickenpox and have never been vaccinated, avoid contact with anyone who has it.

Several U.S. government agencies and medical groups recommend that all children be routinely vaccinated with an active varicella vaccine at 12-18 months of age and that all susceptible children receive the vaccine before their 13th birthday. Older children and adults should receive two vaccines 4-8 weeks apart.

It is recommended that the following people not be vaccinated:
  • Those with a history of severe allergic reaction to vaccines
  • Anyone who is immunosuppressed, or receiving immunosuppressive drugs or therapies
  • Pregnant women