Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a disease in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck. It produces hormones that control metabolism. The most common form of Hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease.

Causes

Graves Disease occurs when your own immune system produces antibodies that stimulate overproduction of thyroid hormone. Other common causes of hyperthyroidism include:
  • Thyroid nodules or tumors
  • Toxic nodular goiter – a single nodule in the thyroid gland
  • Thyroiditis – inflammation of the thyroid gland (often later leads to Hypothyroidism)

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.
Risk factors for Graves Disease include:
  • Sex: Female (8 times more common in women)
  • Age: 20 – 40
  • Pregnancy – postpartum thyroiditis (first hyperthyroid followed by Hypothyroid)
  • History of family members with Graves Disease
  • Viral infection (possibly)

Symptoms

Symptoms come on gradually and may be mistaken for stress. As the thyroid becomes more overactive, symptoms may include:
  • Fatigue
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Restlessness
  • Changes in libido
  • Muscle weakness
  • Heat intolerance
  • Tremors
  • Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
  • Heart palpitations and rapid pulse
  • Increased sweating
  • Blurred or double vision
  • Nervousness
  • Irritability
  • Redness, swelling, and protrusion of the eyes
  • Lumpy, reddish thickening of the skin in front of the shins
  • Hair changes
  • Restless sleep

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. The exam usually reveals the following:
  • Enlarged thyroid gland
  • Rapid pulse
  • Several of the symptoms listed above
Blood tests will measure the level of thyroid hormones. A test called a thyroid scan may be needed to help differentiate between Graves Disease and other causes of hyperthyroidism. Occasionally, a needle biopsy of the thyroid is needed. In a needle biopsy, a sample of thyroid tissue is removed with a needle and tested.

Prevention

There are no guidelines for preventing Hyperthyroidism.