Kelp

Kelp refers to several species of large, brown algae that can grow to enormous sizes far out in the depths of the ocean. Kelp is a type of seaweed, but not all seaweed is kelp: seaweed loosely describes any type of vegetation growing in the ocean, including many other types of algae and plants. Kelp is a regular part of a normal human diet in many parts of the world, such as Japan, Alaska, and Hawaii. It is also incorporated into some vitamin and mineral supplements because of its nutrient value. Kelp is a good source of folic acid (a B vitamin), as well as many other vitamins and minerals—especially iodine; but iodine is also a potential source of side effects (see Safety Issues below).

Supplements containing kelp can be purchased at most pharmacies and health food stores. Kelp used in food preparation is available at groceries that stock specialties for Asian cooking.

There is no appropriate therapeutic dosage of kelp, as it is not yet known whether kelp is truly therapeutic for any conditions. However, because of its high iodine content, it is important not to overdo your use of kelp. The iodine content in 17 different kelp supplements studied by one group of researchers varied from 45 to 57,000 mcg per tablet or capsule. The recommended daily intake for iodine is 150 mcg per day for people over the age of 4, and taking a great deal more than this can cause thyroid problems (see Safety Issues).

Kelp is used primarily as a vitamin and mineral supplement. The results of highly preliminary studies in test tubes and on animals have suggested other potential uses for kelp. For example, there is some evidence that elements in kelp might help to prevent infection with several kinds of viruses, including influenza,herpes simplex, and HIV. Similarly, there is some evidence that kelp possesses anticancer effects and may lower blood pressure.11 But it would be premature to begin using kelp as a treatment for any of these health problems. Additionally, kelp has been marketed as a weight-loss product, but scientific studies of its efficacy and safety for this purpose havent been published. Another unsubstantiated and misleading claim for kelp is that it can be used to treat all kinds of thyroid problems. It is true that if you are deficient in iodine, kelp is probably good for you, but it is unlikely to help your thyroid in any other circumstance. In fact, too much kelp can cause dysfunction of the thyroid in healthy people (see Safety Issues below).

Taking excessive kelp can overload the body with iodine, and cause either hypo- or hyperthyroidism—conditions in which the thyroid gland either produces too little or too much thyroid hormone. This is a potentially dangerous side effect, and is definitely cause for caution. Certainly, if your thyroid gland is already functioning incorrectly, you should avoid kelp except on a physician's advice. In addition, published reports describe two cases of acne apparently caused or worsened by taking large doses of kelp. This effect is also believed to be due to the large amounts of iodine in the supplement. Finally, some kelp supplements have been found to contain levels of arsenic high enough to be toxic. Seawater contains highly diluted arsenic, but kelp (like other ocean life) can concentrate arsenic in its tissues, and there are reports of two people with symptoms of arsenic poisoning who had been consuming kelp.