by Kathleen Doheny
Massage, an ancient treatment described as early as 3000 B.C., has taken a back
seat to pharmaceuticals and other modes of care. But thats all changing as
scientific studies suggest massage therapy can relieve stress and pain, enhance
immune function, banish anxiety and speed athletes recovery.
In 1976, Tiffany Fields baby girl was born prematurely. Today, her daughter is
23, strong and healthy. Field credits massage therapy.
While pregnant with her daughter, Field, a psychologist and researcher at the
University of Miami School of Medicine, was studying whether massage therapy
--the power of touch --could help premature babies grow and thrive. Her own
daughter, lovingly given massage therapy in the early weeks of her life, became
part of that proof.
Since then, Field has completed more than 60 others on the value of massage and
has published her findings in respected medical journals. With her colleagues
and other researchers, she has also found massage therapy beneficial for
reducing pain, enhancing immune function, enhancing alertness and helping
athletes recover from their injuries.
Field and others have also witnessed a growing acceptance of massage therapy.
Its one of the fastest-growing so-called alternative or complementary
therapies, according to a landmark report on alternative medicine published last
year in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Consumers now visit massage therapists about 114 million times a year, according
to estimates in the JAMA report.
Massage is shedding its alternative, fringe medicine reputation and has come to
be regarded as a valuable complement to other treatments.
"Physicians are jumping on the bandwagon," says Field. She regularly takes calls
from doctors asking about the treatment. One of the most recent was from a
doctor in a burn unit, who wondered about the value of massaging wounds.
In the United States, a typical one-hour full body massage costs about $48 to
$61, according the American Massage Therapy Assn. in Evanston, Ill., which has
more than 33,000 members in 28 countries. Some health and managed care plans are
beginning to cover prescribed massage therapy, according to the association.
Massage therapy is a new fringe benefit at some offices. Employees of
Futuredontics in Santa Monica, Calif., which operates the 1-800-Dentist referral
service, are entitled to a weekly 10-minute clothed massage in the companys
special massage therapy room. Workers always exit the massage room smiling, says
Diane Lindley, a company spokeswoman.
At major metropolitan airports, including Denver, Seattle and Chicago,
stressed-out travelers can get a 10 or 15 minute shoulder massage for about a
dollar a minute at in-terminal massage bars.
"There are physical, mental, and spiritual benefits to massage," says Maria
Grove, founding director of The Touch Therapy Institute in Encino, Calif., a
massage instruction school. "It takes you to another level of dealing with your
life and your problems."
How it works
The power of touch is not completely understood, even by massage therapists
and researchers. Massage can affect the musculoskeletal, nervous and
circulatory-lymphatic systems, according to the National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine of the National Institutes of Health.
Field says that many of its positive effects seem to be mediated by increasing
relaxation and decreasing stress hormones such as cortisol. Massage also
fulfills our need to be touched--a dying art in face-paced American culture.
Types of massage
Among the most common types of massage, according to the American Massage
Therapy Association (AMTA), are:
Swedish--Considered the most common type, this involves long strokes,
kneading and other techniques on the more superficial muscle layers, along with
active and passive joint movement. It aims to improve blood circulation and
range of motion and to relieve muscle tension.
Deep Tissue--Designed to release tension by administering slow strokes
and deep finger pressure , deep tissue is so named because it focuses on the
deeper layers of muscle tissue. The strokes and pressure either follow or go
across the grain of muscles and tendons.
Shiatsu and Acupressure--These are both finger pressure massage systems
based on Oriental healing concepts. The idea is to treat special points along
meridians, invisible channels of energy flow within the body. The pressure
unblocks the energy and restores comfort.
Sport Therapy-- Sports massage focuses on warming up an athlete to reach
optimal performance, reducing soreness after a workout or helping to
rehabilitate injured muscles.
What the studies find
Medical journals include dozens of reports on massage therapy and its
benefits. In a review article published late last year in the American
Psychologist, Field discussed some of the most promising.
In one study of 40 full-term infants, ages one to three months born to teen
mothers, some infants were massaged for 15 minutes while others were rocked. The
massaged infants, she found, cried less, had lower levels of the stress hormone
cortisol in their saliva, and were more likely to go to sleep after massage than
after being rocked.
In another study, burn victims who had massage before debridement, a process
used to treat severe burns, had lower anxiety levels and lower stress hormone
levels than those who werent massaged.
When medical school staff and students got 15-minute chair massages during
lunch, they reported being more alert after lunch and experiencing runners
high-like feelings.
Other studies have suggested that massage helps relieve migraines, tension
headaches and fibromyalagia syndrome (in which a person feels all-over pain for
no known reason).
Of course, massage isnt a total panacea. It can be inappropriate in some cases,
warns the American Massage Therapy Assn., such as in those with the vein
inflammation known as phlebitis, some skin and cardiac conditions, and some
cancers. Anyone with these health problems should consult their physician before
undergoing massage therapy.
What the future may hold
Other applications of massage therapy are under study. Grove has visited
Swedish nursery schools, in which young children are taught to lovingly massage
each other. They are calmer and more cooperative, she says, than their American
counterparts. That can only happen, she says, when children overcome a fear of
being touched and are taught the difference between good and bad touch. Massage
is also being studied as a way to quell aggression in violent teens--with a
long-range goal of reducing the crime rate.
Grove has taught "Massage for Parents" workshops in which she teaches parents
how to massage their children for a variety of benefits, including increasing
peace and calm hormones.
Finding a massage therapist
Massage therapists are licensed in 25 states, the District of Columbia and in
some local jurisdictions, according to the National Center for Complementary and
Alternative Medicine. Typically, massage therapy students must complete 500
hours or more of education from a recognized school and complete a licensing
exam.
Asking a therapist about licensure is a good first step to finding a competent
practitioner. Additional questions worth asking:
- Where did you receive your training?
- Are you a member of the American Massage Therapy Assn.?
As more physicians refer patients to massage therapists--and check out the
therapists credentials before communicating the referral--consumers will have
less investigative legwork to do on their own.
The American Massage Therapy Assn. (847-864-0123,info@inet.amtamassage.org) also
maintains a locator service.