Massage therapy: the power of touch
by Kathleen Doheny
Massage, an ancient treatment described as early as 3000 B.C., has taken a back seat to pharmaceuticals and other modes of care. But that's all changing as scientific studies suggest massage therapy can relieve stress and pain, enhance immune function, banish anxiety and speed athletes' recovery.
In 1976, Tiffany Field's baby girl was born prematurely. Today, her daughter is 23, strong and healthy. Field credits massage therapy.
While pregnant with her daughter, Field, a psychologist and researcher at the University of Miami School of Medicine, was studying whether massage therapy --the power of touch --could help premature babies grow and thrive. Her own daughter, lovingly given massage therapy in the early weeks of her life, became part of that proof.
Since then, Field has completed more than 60 others on the value of massage and has published her findings in respected medical journals. With her colleagues and other researchers, she has also found massage therapy beneficial for reducing pain, enhancing immune function, enhancing alertness and helping athletes recover from their injuries.
Field and others have also witnessed a growing acceptance of massage therapy. It's one of the fastest-growing so-called alternative or complementary therapies, according to a landmark report on alternative medicine published last year in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Consumers now visit massage therapists about 114 million times a year, according to estimates in the JAMA report.
Massage is shedding its alternative, fringe medicine reputation and has come to be regarded as a valuable complement to other treatments.
"Physicians are jumping on the bandwagon," says Field. She regularly takes calls from doctors asking about the treatment. One of the most recent was from a doctor in a burn unit, who wondered about the value of massaging wounds.
In the United States, a typical one-hour full body massage costs about $48 to $61, according the American Massage Therapy Assn. in Evanston, Ill., which has more than 33,000 members in 28 countries. Some health and managed care plans are beginning to cover prescribed massage therapy, according to the association.
Massage therapy is a new fringe benefit at some offices. Employees of Futuredontics in Santa Monica, Calif., which operates the 1-800-Dentist referral service, are entitled to a weekly 10-minute clothed massage in the company's special massage therapy room. Workers always exit the massage room smiling, says Diane Lindley, a company spokeswoman.
At major metropolitan airports, including Denver, Seattle and Chicago, stressed-out travelers can get a 10 or 15 minute shoulder massage for about a dollar a minute at in-terminal massage bars.
"There are physical, mental, and spiritual benefits to massage," says Maria Grove, founding director of The Touch Therapy Institute in Encino, Calif., a massage instruction school. "It takes you to another level of dealing with your life and your problems."
How it works
The power of touch is not completely understood, even by massage therapists and researchers. Massage can affect the musculoskeletal, nervous and circulatory-lymphatic systems, according to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. Field says that many of its positive effects seem to be mediated by increasing relaxation and decreasing stress hormones such as cortisol. Massage also fulfills our need to be touched--a dying art in face-paced American culture.
Types of massage
Among the most common types of massage, according to the American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA), are:
Swedish--Considered the most common type, this involves long strokes, kneading and other techniques on the more superficial muscle layers, along with active and passive joint movement. It aims to improve blood circulation and range of motion and to relieve muscle tension.
Deep Tissue--Designed to release tension by administering slow strokes and deep finger pressure , deep tissue is so named because it focuses on the deeper layers of muscle tissue. The strokes and pressure either follow or go across the grain of muscles and tendons.
Shiatsu and Acupressure--These are both finger pressure massage systems based on Oriental healing concepts. The idea is to treat special points along meridians, invisible channels of energy flow within the body. The pressure unblocks the energy and restores comfort.
Sport Therapy-- Sports massage focuses on warming up an athlete to reach optimal performance, reducing soreness after a workout or helping to rehabilitate injured muscles.
What the studies find
Medical journals include dozens of reports on massage therapy and its benefits. In a review article published late last year in the American Psychologist, Field discussed some of the most promising.
In one study of 40 full-term infants, ages one to three months born to teen mothers, some infants were massaged for 15 minutes while others were rocked. The massaged infants, she found, cried less, had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol in their saliva, and were more likely to go to sleep after massage than after being rocked.
In another study, burn victims who had massage before debridement, a process used to treat severe burns, had lower anxiety levels and lower stress hormone levels than those who weren't massaged.
When medical school staff and students got 15-minute chair massages during lunch, they reported being more alert after lunch and experiencing runner's high-like feelings.
Other studies have suggested that massage helps relieve migraines, tension headaches and fibromyalagia syndrome (in which a person feels all-over pain for no known reason).
Of course, massage isn't a total panacea. It can be inappropriate in some cases, warns the American Massage Therapy Assn., such as in those with the vein inflammation known as phlebitis, some skin and cardiac conditions, and some cancers. Anyone with these health problems should consult their physician before undergoing massage therapy.
What the future may hold
Other applications of massage therapy are under study. Grove has visited Swedish nursery schools, in which young children are taught to lovingly massage each other. They are calmer and more cooperative, she says, than their American counterparts. That can only happen, she says, when children overcome a fear of being touched and are taught the difference between good and bad touch. Massage is also being studied as a way to quell aggression in violent teens--with a long-range goal of reducing the crime rate.
Grove has taught "Massage for Parents" workshops in which she teaches parents how to massage their children for a variety of benefits, including increasing 'peace and calm' hormones.
Finding a massage therapist
Massage therapists are licensed in 25 states, the District of Columbia and in some local jurisdictions, according to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Typically, massage therapy students must complete 500 hours or more of education from a recognized school and complete a licensing exam.
Asking a therapist about licensure is a good first step to finding a competent practitioner. Additional questions worth asking:
- Where did you receive your training?
- Are you a member of the American Massage Therapy Assn.?
As more physicians refer patients to massage therapists--and check out the therapist's credentials before communicating the referral--consumers will have less investigative legwork to do on their own.
The American Massage Therapy Assn. (847-864-0123,info@inet.amtamassage.org) also maintains a locator service.
Resources
The American Massage Therapy Assn.
http://www.amtamassage.org, includes information about the technique, its certification criteria, trends in massage therapy and other details.
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine of the National Institutes on Health includes information on massage therapy on its web site, http://nccam.nih.gov. Click ``Site Index'' and then ``Manual Healing.''
The Touch Therapy Institute, a massage instruction school in Encino, Calif., includes information on instruction and massage benefits on its web site, http://www.touchtherapyinstitute.com.
Last reviewed August 1999 by Medical Review Board
